The following is the most recent version of the Likert items used to measure external and internal fandom behaviors. This scale was developed from the following sources for use by the Politics, Religion, and Fandom Research Group (https://twitter.com/PoliReliFandom):

Chadborn, D., Edwards, P., & Reysen, S. (2017). Displaying fan identity to make friends. Intensities: The Journal of Cult Media, 9, 87-97. https://sites.google.com/site/stephenreysen/psychology-scales/fandom-functions 

Reinhard, C. D. & Ganguly, L. (2020). Learning How to Cook Without Lifting a Knife: Food culture television, foodies, and food literacy. In C. D. Reinhard, B. Chin & J. Largent (Eds.) Eating Fandom: Intersections between fans and food cultures. New York City: Routledge.

Stein, K. & Reinhard, C. D. (2023). Fandom During the Pandemic: Impact of COVD-19 on People’s Fandom Experiences. Popular Culture Studies Journal, 11, 1, https://www.mpcaaca.org/v11i1-video-essays.

Fandom Questions

1. What are you a fan of? Please list as many as you wish.

Choose on 7-point scale between Strongly Agree (7) – Strongly Disagree (1).

2. I am emotionally invested in my fandoms. 
3. My fandoms are important to me.
4. I talk to other fans online.
5. I share information about my fandoms online.
6. I talk to other fans in-person.
7. I draw fan art related to my fandoms.
8. I write fanfiction related to my fandoms.
9. I read other fans’ fanfiction.
10. I look for other fans’ fan art.
11. I attend fan conventions related to my fandoms.
12.  I try to convince others to join my fandoms.
13.  I cosplay in relation to my fandoms.
14. I collect items related to my fandoms.
15. My fandoms help me escape the real world.
16. My fandoms help me understand the world.
17. My fandoms help me cope with my life.
18. I like to wear clothes that reflect my fandoms.
19. I purchase merchandise related to my fandoms.
20. I follow social media accounts related to my fandoms.
21. I am satisfied with my fandom experiences.
22. My fandoms make me feel fulfilled right now.
23. I am not getting everything I want out of my fandoms.
24. I wish I could do more to express my fandoms to others.
25. I wish I could do more to participate in my fandoms.
26. I like to keep my fandoms secret from others.
27. I like being a part of a fan community.
28. I like to attend live events related to my fandoms.
29. My fandoms are not at all important to my life.
30. My fandoms help me feel in control of my life.
31. I would feel lost without my fandoms.
32. My fandoms help identify me to others.
33. I am worried about expressing my fandoms in public.
34. I like sharing my fandom-related knowledge with others.
35. I like trying to figure out a story before it ends.
36. I enjoy spoilers related to my fandoms.
37. I like seeing other fans’ theories about what will happen or why something happened.
38. Speculating about what will happen or why something happened in my fandom is a waste of time.
39. My fandoms give me joy.
40. The more invested I am in my fandom, the more fun I find it.
41. You have to go along with what you see to believe in it.
42. My fandoms give me comfort.
43. My fandoms separate me from those around me.
44. My fandoms make my life more difficult.
45. I wish people understood me better.
46. My friends share my interest in my fandom.
47. My family shares my interest in my fandom.
48. My fandom is important to my identity. 
49. Some people are not true fans. 
50. My fandom should be free of politics. 
51. My fandom should be a safe place.
52. Some people don’t belong in my fandom. 
53. Women only like sports to get men. 
54. Blackface in cosplay is acceptable if the character is Black. 
55. My fandom inspires my political activism. 
56. Too many people in my fandom want to silence different opinions. 

57. Rank these activities from those you do most to those you do least:
    • Talk with other fans
    • Read fanfiction
    • Create theories related to my fandom
    • Share information related to my fandom
    • Write fanfiction
    • Look at fanart
    • Create fanart
    • Buy merchandise related to my fandom
    • Sell merchandise related to my fandom
    • Talk with non-fans about my fandom
    • Attend events related to my fandom
58. My fandom provides me with an opportunity to grow and discover more about aspects of myself.

58. My fandom provides me with answers/information/guidance I need to face situations in my life.
59. My fandom provides me with an experience of captivating beauty and inspiration.
60. My fandom provides me with a sense of fulfillment as I feel like something is missing when I am not involved.
61. My fandom provides me with an opportunity to express myself and my uniqueness.
62. My fandom provides me with an outlet for my creativity.
63. My fandom provides me with a focus or sense of purpose.
64. My fandom provides me with a break from life’s stresses.
65. My fandom provides me with an engaging and entertaining experience.
66. My fandom provides me with a good laugh and/or cry.
67. My fandom provides me with a chance/way to retreat from difficult life situations.
68. My fandom provides me with an opportunity to share with my family and bring us closer.
69. My fandom provides me with an activity to share with my existing friends/ways to stay connected.
70. My fandom provides me with a chance to expand my circle of friends.